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Energy can be generated from both renewable and non-renewable sources. The majority of the world’s fuel comes from non-renewable sources which is unlikely to change by 2030.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Hydroelectric Power: The water turns the propellers which cause rotation in the turbine shaft, which generates electricity in the turbine’s motor. |
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Tidal Power: |
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Solar Energy: |
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Wind Power: |
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Biofuel: |
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Wastes: |
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Geothermal Energy: |
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Nuclear Power: |
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The use of resources at such a rate that allows natural regeneration and/ or minimises damage to the environment.
Energy saving is the quickest, most cost- effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It also reduces the use of scarce resources.
Warm ocean currents move water away from the equator, whereas cold ocean currents move water away from cold regions towards the equator. The major currents transport enormous bodies of water over significant distances.
The quantity of greenhouse gases emitted by any individual country depends on its economy, level of development, and societal expectations. Transport, a lifestyle with expectations of air conditioning, and other high-energy demands at home and work all lead to the high fuel economy seen there. Over the past 100 years, atmospheric concentrations of these gases have risen dramatically.
Feature | Effect or Impact |
Environmental Features | |
Ice & Snow | Melting of polar ice caps and glaciers |
Coastlines | Increase in sea level causing coastal flooding |
Societal Features | |
Water Resources | Severe water shortages and possibly wars over supply; droughts and famines |
Agriculture | May shift towards poles (away from drought areas); change in distribution of crop growing areas; food shortages; drop in crop yield |
Coastal Residential Locations | Relocation due to flooding and storms |
Human Health | Increased disease (e.g. risk of malaria) |
Industries | Tourism, and other non essential industries may be affected |
Positive Feedback | Negative Feedback |
May involve greater thawing of permafrost, leading to an escalation in methane levels, which increases the mean global temperature. As methane is a greenhouse gas, it has the potential to increase temperatures, thereby reinforcing the rise in temperature. | May involve increased evaporation in tropical latitudes, leading to increased snowfall on the polar ice caps. The surface of snow and ice is very reflective so the albedo is increased. Increased reflectivity reduces the amount of solar radiation received and so lowers temperatures. |
Is a measure of how much the Earth’s climate will cool or warm after a change in the climate system, for instance, how much it will warm for doubling in carbon dioxide concentrations.
These are very complex as they cover the whole of the Earth (and beyond) and try to integrate atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, lithospheric, hydrological, and human systems. In addition, the further forward in time scientists try to predict, the less accurate their estimates are.
Mitigation involves reduction and/or stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their removal from the atmosphere. It aims to reduce the causes of climate change. Mitigation can be achieved through:
Adaptation refers to efforts to live with the consequences of climate change. Adaptation includes measures such as protecting cities from storm surges and protecting crops from high temperatures and droughts.
While carbon dioxide emitters do not bear the social costs they cause, society, including future generations, bears the brunt of its high costs. As a result, there is no incentive on the market to switch from fossil fuels to alternatives.
Carbon Taxes | Carbon Trading | Carbon Offset Schemes |
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