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Mechanism of elongation of the axon of the neuron
Multiple synapses are formed during early brain development. It occurs to find the best fit of the neuron, with the neuron. Because lots and lots of neurons develop at that stage and the matching of the specific types of neurons with each other is done to have a working connection. The formed functional synapse out of thousands retains and the rest gradually disappear by the process called neural pruning.
Functional plasticity | Structural plasticity |
Neurons require high energy to communicate better, since half of the brain energy is consumed by communication between neurons. This energy is gained by glucose, delivered by the blood at a constant rate. As long as the glucose retains in the brain there will be high activity. The energy consumption is less in invertebrates and more in humans but even more in children or infants. |
It’s response is important in emergency | It’s response is in returning back |
Response is “fight or flight” | Response is to “back and relax” |
Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter |
Excitatory or promoter | Inhibitor or suppressor |
Both the systems show antagonistic behaviour which can be seen in the diagrammatic picture:
The Pupil reflex This is a cranial reflex, because it is concerned with the responses from the brain and more particularly, the ANS. The sensory and motor neurones connect in the brain which coordinates the relaxation and contraction of the pupil with respect to amount of light getting inside the eye from any external light source. |
When a person shows no movements of extremities like legs and arms, no eye movement, absence of corneal reflex, absence of pupil reflex, absence of gag reflex, no respiration then the person is considered to be brain dead. The person in this state will never come to its senses at any costs i.e. he or she is completely dead. However, the heart can beat by providing artificial conditions because hear-beat is not completely dependent on the brain. Also, the spinal reflexes retains like knee jerk reflex response.
There are two medical tests which can assure the person is brain dead:
Interesting facts
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A complex structure in the body that enables the vision in an organism.
Various parts and functions are shown as from outer to inner of the eye:
Where the stimuli perceptions are interpreted inside the brain?
Convert sound (received by external microphone attached) into electrical signals (deciphering the sound) that are picked up by auditory nerve and send to the brain.
Exam tip! In the answers of the questions from this chapter, there must have mentioned the co- relation of the concept/organ asked with nervous system, to have an effective answer. |
Innate behaviour
Taxis
Kinesis
Neurotransmitters
Types of neurotransmitters (NTs) according to the responses they show; excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter.
It is a two-step process. Neurotransmitter acts on a secondary messenger which further opens the gates of postsynaptic membrane. While in fast-acting NTs the neurotransmitter directly binds to the receptor molecule which stimulates the diffusion of Na+ ions into the membrane through ion-gate.
MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA is a synthetic molecule which causes the extra release of serotonin (it offers pleasure feeling). The SERT receptors (serotonin receptor) here play a great role. When serotonin is released by one neurone, the SERT will pump back the extra serotonin. When the SERT performs its act, the pleasure feeling is replaced by depression. When by increasing intake of MDMA causes depletion in serotonin levels, the dopamine enters the SERT and causes neurotoxicity. |
Introduction
Synchronized oestrus
Blue tits and the cream Blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus as learned the activity of pecking through the aluminium caps for the milk cream. It was observed in 1920s in England. This behaviour spread rapidly in many areas even 150 km away. The habits were noticeable because of humans around. It was observed that, when no milk bottles are now ben delivered on doorsteps and all people are buying from supermarkets. The tits have no chance of having cream but this did not make any difference. The tits eventually lose their habits of having cream. This was the solid proof that it was their learned behaviour but not innate. |
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