IB MYP Individuals and Societies Syllabus (Grade 1-5)

• Use of context-appropriate vocabulary.
• Give descriptions, explanations, and examples to demonstrate understanding.

• Use a variety of context-appropriate terms.
• Give descriptions, explanations, and examples to demonstrate understanding.

• Use a vast variety of context-appropriate terms.
• Showcase a deep understanding of subject-specific content and concepts through well-developed descriptions, explanations, and examples.

• Justify the choice of a research question, explaining why it’s important.
• Execute a step-by-step plan to explore the chosen research question.
• Gather and document the information relevant to the research question.
• Reflect on the process and outcomes of the research.

• Develop a precise and relevant research question, justifying its significance.
• Execute a step-by-step plan to investigate the chosen research question.
• Employ methods to gather and document information relevant to the research question.
• Assess the process and outcomes of the research with guidance.

• Develop a precise and relevant research question, justifying its significance.
• Execute a step-by-step plan to investigate the chosen research question.
• Employ research methods to gather and document varied information relevant to the research questionP
• Assess the process and outcomes of the research. 

• Present information and ideas clearly.
• Structure information and ideas appropriately for the given task.
• Document sources of information following task guidelines.

• Present information and ideas appropriate for the audience and purpose.
• Structure information and ideas appropriately for the given task according to the task instructions.
• Compile a reference list and cite sources used.

• Present information and ideas effectively, appropriate for the audience and purpose.
• Structure information and ideas according to the specific format.
• Properly document information sources using an accepted convention.

• Recognize the key points of ideas, events, visuals, or arguments.
• Use the information to support a viewpoint.
• Identify and examine various sources/data, considering where they come from and why they were created.
• Recognize diverse viewpoints and their consequences.

• Examine concepts, issues, models, visuals, or theories.
• Summarize information to create valid, well-supported arguments.
• Assess a variety of sources/data based on their origins and intentions, acknowledging their strengths and weaknesses.
• Acknowledge and explain different perspectives and their impacts.

• Explore concepts, issues, models, visuals, and theories through discussion
• Combine information to form logical and well-supported arguments.
• Assess and critique a range of sources/data regarding their origins and intentions, examining their strengths and weaknesses.
• Interpret various perspectives and their consequences.

• Choice
• Globalisation
• Poverty
• Scarcity
• Consumption
• Growth
• Power
• Sustainability
• Equity
• Model
• Resources
• trade

• Causality
• Diversity
• Networks
• Processes
• Culture
• Globalization
• Patterns and trends
• Scale
• Disparity and equity
• Management and interventionn
• Power
• Sustainability

• Causality
• Cooperation
• Identity
• Interdependence
• Civilization
• Culture
• Ideology
• Perspective
• Conflict
• Governance
• Innovation and revolution
• significance

• Causality
• Equity
• Innovation and revolution
• Processes

• Perspective
• Resources
• Culture
• Identity
• Choice

• Power
• Sustainability
• Globalization

Students will attempt this with the help from their course material or information presented in the source material.

• Environmental degradation.
• Politics.
• Terrorism.
• Human rights.
• Wars.
• Depletion and access of resources.
• Health issues.

• Case study- Plastic in oceans.

• Consequences of plastic in oceans.
• How can the problem of plastic in oceans be solved and the role of being a global citizen be fulfilled?

• Case study 2- Deforestation.

• Consequences of deforestation.
• How can the problem of deforestation be solved and the role of being a global citizen be fulfilled?

• Human rights are the fundamental rights that every human deserves regardless of caste, race, gender, colour or financial status.
• Creation of the United Nations.
• Universal declaration of Human Rights.
• Personalities that fought for the equal distribution of human rights and humanity.

• Child labour.
• Case study- Creation of Sustainable Development goals.

• Issues affecting people and the planet.
• Consequences of such issues.
• Solutions to bring an end to such issues.
• Importance of being a good global citizen to bring about change.

• Maps are the visual representations of geographical areas and are available in different forms.
• Study of maps- cartography.
• Different types of maps,

• Political
• Topographic
• Data and resource
• Physical
• Road
• Satellite 

• Features to study maps,

• Direction
• Scale
• Symbols
• Grid reference 

• Contour lines
• Relief
• Contour interval
• Representation of height on a map.

• Maps give indications about locations and even developmental planes from a certain time period by comparing it with the most recent ones.
• Detailed understanding about different places, city structure, features of a location, natural features, building, different types of land etc. 
• Maps also indicate information about different spots and other landmarks in a location, which can be helpful in studying trends from the past.
• Provide insight into scale, direction, elevation, distance, height etc.

• Pros and cons of trusting maps on different bases with the help of examples.

• Different types of maps.
• Different ways of using a map.
• Studying a map with the help of its features.
• Understanding different pieces of information with the help of maps.
• Pros and cons of using and trusting maps.
• Understanding that inference of maps can be affected by personal perspective.

• Study of history using evidence from the past.
• Primary and secondary historical sources.
• Effect of interpretation on studying the past.
• What is a civilization?
• Cause and effect of civilization.
• What can be learnt from different civilizations?
• River Valley civilization.

• Mesopotamia. 
• Development of Sumerian civilization.
• Innovative ideas of the Sumerians.

• Writing
• Farming
• The wheel
• Numbers
• Building
• Bronze 

• Other civilizations that flourished other than Sumerians were Babylonians and Assyrians.

• Different kingdoms in Ancient Egypt along with their timelines.
• Achievements of Egyptian civilizations.

• Agriculture and Irrigation
• Cities
• Construction
• Writing
• Medicine

• The classical era witnessed major advancements and contributions of the Ancient Greek civilization.

• Democracy
• Philosophy
• Significant individuals of Ancient Greece

• Roman republic and Roman empire.

• Roman numerals
• Julian calendar
• Language
• Public health
• Law and Politics
• Religion 

• Features of Maya civilization.
• Features of Inca civilization.

• Importance of past evidence.
• Study of history with the help of the past.
• Significant ancient civilizations.
• Effects of ancient civilizations on the world today.

• What is a settlement?
• Hierarchy of settlement.
• Purpose and function of different settlements.
• Types of settlement patterns.

• A few points have to be checklisted to ensure a good location for a settlement, like:

• Access to water
• Quality of land
• Defence
• Shelter
• Availability of natural resources
• Attractiveness of the area
• Function 

• Changes in settlements over time are inevitable.
• Settlements can be affected by wars, natural disasters, technology, disease, politics and a number of other factors.
• Case study 1- Hong Kong, Sar China
• Case study 2- London, UK
• Case study 3- Mexico city, Mexico

• What is urban growth?
• Reasons for migration from rural to urban areas: push and pull factors.
• Development of megacities.
• Services that urban areas provide to people.

• Challenges faced by settlements.
• Case study- Pripyat, Ukraine
• Case study- Bodie, USA

• The sustainable development goals as released by the United Nations in 2015.
• Target of sustainable development goals.
• Sustainable practices for cities.
• Is Frankfurt, Germany a sustainable city?

• Development of settlements.
• Factors affecting settlements.
• Factors influencing the viability of a settlement.
• Migration from rural to urban areas.
• Sustainability of settlements in order to improve quality of life and people of the present and future.

• Different religions have different religious beliefs that affect their dressing, eating and routine preferences. In addition to this there are a number of varied rituals and practices that are unique to different cultures.
• Major world religions include:

• Buddhism
• Christianity
• Hinduism
• islam

• Judaism 

• Indigenous groups:

• The Ainu people
• The tuareg people
• The Tlinglit people
• The Awa people

• Atheism
• Agnostics
• humanists

• Different belief systems.
• How do different belief systems affect people?
• Impact of different belief systems on people’s identity, lifestyles, rituals and different practices.

• Difference between wants and needs.
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

• What is poverty?
• Two major types of poverty: absolute poverty and relative poverty.
• Case study- Poverty in the USA.
• What is the poverty trap?

• What is economic development?
• Ways to measure development.

• What factors affect the development of a country?

• Geographic
• Historical
• Political
• Economic 

• Connection between health and wealth.

• How can resources help to reduce extreme poverty?
• Ways in which poverty can be reduced?
• Case study- Fairtrade

• What is aid?

• Poverty
• How does poverty affect people throughout the world?
• Development of countries.
• Solutions to improve fairness and development of different societies.

• Presence of trade and technology have knitted the various parts of the world together and made it interconnected.
• The world has turned into a small village.

• Development in transportation.
• Sources of communication and technology.
• Trade. 
• Availability of labour.

• Globalization is not a new concept.
• Over the years a variety of changes have been making the world more and more interconnected, ranging from the invention of the wheel in ancient years to the invention of internet and social media apps today.
• Globalization is an old concept, but it is to notice that the pace of globalization has increased immensely in the recent years with the advent of technology.

• English- becoming the preferred language throughout the world as it is the primary language for work and school.
• Other languages that are preferred for international business include Spanish, Mandarin Chinese and Arabic.
• Mixing of languages.
• Influence of culture of a country on a language.

• Development of industries.
• Transitional corporations refer to businesses that are run in various countries like Starbucks, McDonalds, Taco bell, KFC etc.
• Creation of franchises.
• Positive and negative consequences of transitional corporations.

• Advertising sports through creative commercials and presenting them throughout the world using technology.
• Advertising with the help of famous personalities and brands to attract an audience.
• Popular sports around the world.

• Development of the internet and technology.
• Collaborating and playing with other gamers from different parts of the world online.
• Building friendships online.
• Pros and cons of gaming.

• Causes and consequences of globalization.
• Social, cultural and economic consequences.
• Advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
• Effect of globalization on the world.

• A large area that has similar vegetation, climate and animals is known as a biome.
• Location of biomes.
• Examples of biomes (desert biomes in Africa).
• Main features of biomes.

• Climate is one of the main factors that affects the makeup  of biomes.
• In turn climate is affected by multiple factors like.

• Latitude
• Distance from sea
• Altitude
• Ocean currents

• Representing the climate of an area in a graphical/pictorial form.

• Ecosystem- different living organisms living within an environment while being dependent on each other.
• Different types of organisms of an ecosystem-

• Producers
• Consumers
• Scavengers
• Decomposers 

• Food webs.

• Case study- grassland biome- agriculture in the Pampas in South America.
• Case study- rainforest biome- Congo basin, Africa.

• Consequences of climate change.

• Development of the internet and technology.
• Collaborating and playing with other gamers from different parts of the world online.
• Building friendships online.
• Pros and cons of gaming.

• Maintenance of resources for the future.

• Different natural environments.
• Working of environments in a system.
• Relationship of different categories within the environment.
• Effect of natural hazards.
• Effect of human activities.
• Sustainable use of resources.

• Timeline of middle age.
• Importance of sustainability and continuity in middle ages.
• Life in the Middle ages.

• Impact of decline of Roman empire.
• Dark age.

• Structure of feudal system.

• Invasions. 
• Life in England.
• Domesday book.
• The black death.

• Golden age of Islam.
• The Crusades.
• The Mongol Empire.

• Consequences of climate change.

• Timeline of chinese.
• The Song Dynasty.

• Structure of society.
• Challenges of people including conflict, disease and inequality.
• Progress in the middle ages in the field of science, technology, and law.
• Development of society.
• Insights into the lives of people.

• Exploration refers to hunting out for ways and perspectives to look at things.

• Establishment of trade routes.
• The story of an early explorer, Marco Polo and his contribution in exploration.

• Exploration as a global phenomenon.
• Period of Renaissance.
• Developments during the period.
• Effect of exploration on global interactions.
• Significant personalities and their achievements.
• The Columbian exchange.
• Conquistadors.

• Growth of industries.
• Developments as a result of industrialisation.
• Development of transport routes.
• Expansion of empires.
• Effects of growth of tourism and travelling.

• Names and achievements of famous female explorers.

• Invention of technology.
• Expeditions to space.
• Landing on the moon.

• Different explorations.
• Effect of exploration on the world.
• Importance of exploration.

• Biotic and abiotic resources.
• Use of natural resources.
• Renewable, non-renewable and sustainable resources.

• Examples of human and economic resources.
• Using resources to create products.

• Difference between renewable, non-renewable and sustainable resources.
• Case study- Hydroelectric power- Itaipu dam.
• Case study- Masdar city.

• Viability of wind as a source of power.
• How can energy be produced sustainably? 

• Use of natural resources.
• Ways to produce energy.
• Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
• Advantages and disadvantages of renewable sources of energy.

• Ideas, innovations and achievements.
• Renaissance and enlightenment.

• Renaissance means rebirth.
• Description about renaissance.
• Key ideas of renaissance like,

• Humanism
• Classicism
• Perspective
• Natural world

• Significant personalities of the Renaissance.

• Leonardo Da Vinci
• Michelangelo

• Other ideas and innovations from the Renaissance.

• The printing press
• Advances in astronomy

• Ideas that bring significant changes and development.

• Ideas and innovations during Renaissance and Enlightenment.
• Developments during Renaissance and Enlightenment.
• Ideas and innovations in arts, sciences, politics and astronomy.
• Consequences of change, ideas and innovation.

• Monarchy is a form of government where an individual has power over the people and is put in-charge because he heirs from a particular family.
• Different types of monarchies,

• Elective monarchies
• Self-proclaimed monarchy
• Absolute monarchy.

• Location of monarchies around the world.

• Monarchy in Japan,

• Powers of the monarch.
• Facts about monarchy in Japan.
• Timeline of monarchy in Japan throughout history.
• Powerful Japanese monarchs.
• Setting up a constitutional monarchy in Japan.
• Imperial Palace, Tokyo- residence of the monarch.

• Monarchy in the UK.

• The UK is also a constitutional monarchy.
• Powers of the monarch.
• Buckingham Palace, London- residence of the monarch.
• Role of monarch.
• Over time the power of monarchy has decreased and the power of parliament has increased.

• Arguments in favour of and against monarchy.

• Quotes on democracy by famous personalities.
• Democracy is a type of government where the citizens have the right to voice their opinion in the running of the government and passing of laws.
• Leaders are chosen by the will of the people using the process of voting.
• Types of democracy,

• Direct democracy
• Representative democracy

• Features of a successful democracy.
• Problems regarding democracy.
• Case study- Democracy in Athens.

• Origin of the word democracy.
• Process of democracy in Ancient Greece.
• 3 main branches of governance in Ancient Athens.

• The Ekklesia
• The Boule
• The Dikasteria

• History of democracy and examples,

• The Magna Carta, 1215
• The American Constitution, 1787
• The French Revolution, 1787-99
• Votes for women
• The Civil Right Movement
• The fall of the Berlin Wall

• Dictatorship is a form of government where the country is ruled solely by a single individual, known as the dictator.
• A dictatorship ruled by a small group is known as an oligarchy.
• Dictatorships are examples of authoritarian states.
• Examples of dictatorships in Germany, Italy and Japan.
• Features of Totalitarian states (having total control over citizens of a state),

• An ideology
• Cult of personality
• Fear repression and terror
• Propaganda and censorship
• State-controlled economic policies

• Case study- Life in North Korea

• 3 different systems of governance,

• Monarchy
• Democracy
• Dictatorship

• Pros and cons of each type of governance.

• The four layers of Earth.

• Inner core
• Outer core
• Mantle
• Crust

• Movement of plates.

• The theory of plate tectonics.
• Divergent plate boundaries.
• Convergent plate boundaries.
• Transform plate boundaries.

• Earthquakes

• Causes of earthquakes
• Focus and epicentre
• Richter scale
• Consequences of earthquakes

• Volcanoes 

• Causes of volcanoes
• Types of volcano
• Consequences of volcanoes

• Factors influencing the impact of a natural disaster
• Case Study- Nepal Earthquake,2014.
• Case Study- Mount Merapi Volcanic Eruptions, Indonesia, 2010
• Case Study- Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami, 2004

• Effects on identity and culture of a society.

• Causes and consequences of natural hazards.
• Earthquakes and Volcanoes.
• Response to hazards by societies.
• Factor determining their severity.
• Case Studies.

• Advancements in technology and improvements in tool making and machinery.

• Television- as a common source of entertainment.
• Influence of television on the lives of people.
• How television affects the society, in different ways,

• Social
• Economic
• Political
• Cultural
• Ethical 

• Quotes on computers from different people.
• Using computers in different ways,

• Work
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Industry
• Creativity
• War 

• Effect of technology on everyday life.
• Social, economical and political effects of technology.
• Positive and negative aspects of these effects.

• Pre-1800.
• The Industrial Revolutions of the Nineteenth Century.
• The Twentieth Century and Beyond.

• Birth Rate.
• Death Rate.
• Migration.

• What is Democracy?
• The stages of population structure.
• Population Pyramids.

• Case Study- Overcrowding in Lagos, Nigeria.
• Case Study- Ageing Population in Hong Kong.
• Case Study- Declining Population in Detroit, USA.

• Changing nature of world population.
• Different methods of modelling population.
• Related social issues.
• Methods for sustainable development for an equitable society. 

• What is Culture?
• Anthropology and anthropologists.
• The Cultural Iceberg.

• Holidays and Celebrations.
• The Arts.
• Food.
• Architecture.
• Clothing.
• Case Study- The Day of the Dead Festival, Mexico.
• Case Study- Grunge Music in the 1990’s.

• Factors affecting culture.

• Environment
• System of governance
• Time Period
• Technological innovation

• Existence of multiculturalism around the globe through migration.
• What are multicultural societies?
• Homogeneous societies. 

• Culture at organisations.
• Conflicts threatening culture.

• The contrasting definitions and types of culture.
• Ways of expressing culture.
• How does culture affect our identity?
• How does culture shape our society?

• Quotes by different personalities on revolution.
• What is a revolution?
• Revolutions vs Rebellions
• Types of Revolutions

• Political
• Social
• Technological/ Industrial
• Cultural
• Religious

• Russia at the start of the Twentieth century.
• The 1905 Revolution.
• The Impact of the First World War.
• The February Revolution.
• The influence of Karl Marx on Russian Society.
• Information about varied personalities during the time period.
• The October Revolution and the consequences. 

• What is propaganda and its uses?
• Use of propaganda during Russian revolution. 

• China in the nineteenth century.

• European colonialism
• Rebellions
• Reform movements
• Political groups

• The Xinhai Revolution of 1911.
• The crucial personalities during the Chinese Revolution.
• The Chinese Republic and after.

• Nature of revolutions.
• Varying types of revolutions in society.
• Examples of political revolutions.
• Relevance of revolutions in the twenty-first century.

• Famous Geographers of the world
• Earth’s social and environmental issues explained through the interconnectedness of different places.

• Maps: the science of place and space

•  Maps are the diagrammatic representation of an area; vital tools of geographers
• Aim of map analysis
•  Statistics in Geography-

• Pattern and Trends
• Scatter Graphs

• Techniques Geographers use to analyse the cause and consequences of daily actions

• Conflict Matrices
• OPVL source analysis
• Sequencing flow, systems and landform diagrams 

• Geographic Information System (GIS) for spatial analysis

•  How to use ArcGIS online map
• Benefits and drawbacks
• Adding layers and map notes

• Organising and Conducting an Inquiry 

• Different skills and techniques used by geographers
• Geography to understand changes over time and space
• Geographical Inquiry

• Population density
• Dot map of the world population

• Factors affecting population growth

• Crude birth rate
• Crude death rate
• Immigration
• Emigration
• Life Expectancy
• Fertility rate
• Infant mortality rate
• Child mortality rate

• Figures on global population trend

• Bar and line graphs
• Doubling time

• Demographic transition model which shows how birth rate and death rate affect the population growth.
• Demographic transition model for the UK
• Population structure

•  Population pyramid or age-sex pyramid
•  Population pyramid of Niger and the UK

• Demographic dividend
• Issues related to population

•  Aging population; pros and cons for policymakers

• Migration is the movement of people. It can be of different types. 

• Immigration and Emigration
• International and National
• Voluntary and forced

• Lee’s Model of Migration

• Push factors
• Pull factors

• Example of Qatar through its population pyramid
• Causes of forced migration

• Conflict between countries or civil war
• Climate change
• Land grabbing

• Government policies

• Pro-natalist policy
•  Anti-natalist policies or policies to combat overpopulation

• Example of China
•  Female infanticide

• Changes in patterns and trends of population growth
• Reasons for changes and the impacts
• Causes and consequences of migration
• Rights and responsibilities towards population management
• Link between population growth and poverty and the effects of forced migration

• Process of population shift from rural to urban areas

• Conurbation and agglomeration
• Settlement hierarchy model
• Trends in urbanisation across the world
• Land use models

• The Burgess Model
• The Hoyt model

• Reasons for urbanisation
• Consequences
• Trends in the coming up of megacities around the World  

• Example of Urban regeneration in London

• Social conditions
• Economic conditions
• Environmental conditions

• Gentrification

• Pillars of sustainability- environmental, social and economic
• Examples from around the world of cities that are becoming more sustainable  

• Urban growth since the 20th century
• Causes and consequences of urban growth
• Sustainable urban management and related challenges

• Drainage basin and hydrological cycle
• Processes in a river

• Erosion
• Transportation
• Deposition

• Bradshaw model for how a river changes downstream

• River profile

• Types of waves- destructive and constructive 
• Erosional and transportation processes in coastal areas

• Longshore drift

• Vallets
• Waterfalls
• Meanders
• Ox-bow lakes
• Delta

• Stacks and arch
• Wave-cut platform
• Lagoon and spit
• Bay

• Flooding

• Natural and human causes of flooding

• Hydrographs
• Flood prevention

• Hard and soft methods for protecting a river
• Hard methods: dams, flood relief channels, embankments, river straightening channelisation and dredging, levees
• Soft methods: afforestation, Floodplain zoning, flood warning and preparation

• Examples of hard and soft engineering used in coastal protection

• Ways in which systems of water and natural processes change landscapes
• Human intervention in these processes Types of technologies used to protect land from water

• Classification of resources

• Renewable and non-renewable resources

• Exploitation of natural resources 
• Types of production
• Consumption of natural resources

• Material footprint
• Global economic growth rates and rates of consumption
• Examples of global oil, meat, fish and seafood production and consumption and, freshwater resources, and agricultural water consumptions

• Analysing the relationship between energy use and wealth

• MNCs and TNCs and how their growth has led to increase in consumption of natural resources and how there are other implications of such companies
• Top 100 economic powers 
• Implication of improvement in technology

• Outsourcing

• Supply chain
• Case study of the supply chain of a smartphone

• Environmental impacts of global resource production and consumption
• Water acidification
• Eutrophication
• Case study of the impacts of global food production on tropical rainforest biomes
• Ecological footprints

• Conservation strategies
• Three Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle
• The waste hierarchy
• Challenges to the conservation of resources 
• Case study of EU’s common fisheries 

• What are circular and linear economies?

• UN SDG 12
• Sustainable development challenge for India
• Solutions for reducing resource consumption at global and local scales

• Global pattern of resource production and consumption Ways of expressing culture.
• Role of MNCs and TNCs in resource extraction and consumption
• Environmental impact of global production and consumption of resources
• Circular economy and sustainable development
• Solutions for dealing with unsustainable levels of resource exploitation and consumption

• Classification of biomes
•  Characteristics and examples of biomes

• The amount of sun’s energy different areas receive and how that impacts biomes

• Intertropical convergence zone
• Seasons

• Ocean currents

• Global ocean conveyor belt
• El-Nino

• Distance from the sea

• Soil
• Nutrient cycles

• Nutrient cycle of different biomes

• Food chains, trophic levels and food webs
• Trophic levels in different biomes
• How do animals adapt in their biomes?

• Examples of people from different biomes

• Comparison between normal rainforest biome nutrient cycle and managed rainforest biome nutrient cycle
• Positive or negative feedback loop

• Case study of palm oil farming in tropical rainforest

• Definition of biomes and their location
• Processes affecting the location of biomes
• How people, plants, and animals have adapted to their biomes
• Destroyed rainforests for palm oil production

• Globalisation is the process through which the world has become more interconnected and interdependent
• Globalisation in the past

• Dimension of globalisation

• Economic
• Social
• Political

• Patterns of global trade

• Comparative advantage theory
• Balance of trade
• Trade deficit

• Case study: Trade winner- South Korea 
• Case study: Trade loser- Brazil
• Reasons why global trade is failing poorer nations

• Time-space convergence
• Change in financial, labour, and information flows due to global interactions
• Different forms of financial flows
• International flow of people
• Flow of information

• What is aid?
• Poverty cycle
• Different types of aids

• Difference between cultural diffusion and cultural imperialism 
• Impact of cultural imperialism 

• Patterns of global interactions and trade
• Role of international trade in creating inequalities in development
• Connection between the shrinking world and international flows of labour, information and finance
• Different types of aid
• Role of aid in achieving SDGs

• Tourism in the past
• Butler resort life-cycle model
• Reasons for the increase in tourism

• Socio-economic
• Environmental
• Political 

• How and why has tourism changed over time?

• Examples of UNESCO World Heritage sites
• Types of tourism

• Niche holidays
• Mass tourism
• Ecotourism

• Carbon emissions
• Role of TNCs in tourism

• Tourism has become an important part of global economy. Countries like the Maldives are heavily reliant on tourism for their GNI
• Tourism and employment and local economy

• Socio-cultural impacts of tourism
• Homogenization
• Zooification
• Tourism and local communities

• Tourism over the years
• Impact of tourism- economic, social and cultural impact
• Negative impacts of tourism

• What is the atmosphere?
• Layers of atmosphere

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

• Earth’s energy budget
• Global energy flows

• Role of greenhouse gases
• Greenhouse effect
• The earth’s short and longwave radiation transfer

• Trends in land and ocean temperatures
• Changes in levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the years
• Changes in air temperature over the years

• Sunspots
• Albedo effect
• Volcanic eruptions
• Natural methane release
• Ocean currents

• Relation between increase in greenhouse gases and increase in wealth
• Global trends that show climate change

• Geographical consequences of climate change
• Consequences for the cryosphere and the hydrosphere

• Acidification of oceans
• Permafrost melting 

• Consequences that affect biosphere

• Changes in biomes and habitats
• Spatial changes in agriculture

• Consequences that affect the atmosphere

• Incidence and severity of extreme weather events
• Drought

• Mitigation and adaptation
• Role of UN
• COP 21

• Reasons for climate change
• Greenhouse effect
• Evidence of climate change using trends and patterns 
• Consequences of climate change
• Ways to mitigate and adapt to climate change

• What are natural hazards?
• Degg’s disaster model
• What are natural disasters?
• Examples of disasters and hazards

• Global distribution of natural disasters
• Loss events worldwide 1980-
• Contributing factors to natural disasters

• Types of hazards 
• Causes and effects of hazards
• Case studies of the Mumbai monsoon flood of 2005, the Japan volcano eruption of 2018 and the UK floods of 2007.
• Magnitude and frequency of hazards
• The Saffir Simpson scale
• The European avalanche danger scale

• Hazard perception, vulnerability and risk
• Hazard perception model
• Factors that decide human vulnerability

• Exposure
• Sensitivity
• Resilience
• Coping capacity

• Human response to natural hazards
• Managing hazards

• Differences between hazards and disasters
• Global trends in natural disasters
• Classification of hazards based on magnitude and frequency
• Differences in risk, vulnerability and hazard perception in different places
• Impacts of natural hazards on communities around the world
• Ways to respond to natural disasters

• What causes tectonic activity?
• Unstable earth’s crust
• Tectonic processes
• Plate boundaries and active zones of the earth’s crust
• Plate margins

• Nature of earthquakes

• Frequency, magnitude and intensity
• Richter scale earthquake magnitude
• The Mercalli scale

• Volcanoes

• Global distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes
• Classification of volcanoes

• Primary and secondary effects of earthquakes and volcano eruptions
• Summary of effects
• Case study of mount Merapi volcanic eruption, Indonesia and Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, Iceland

• Scientific discoveries in the field of plate tectonics
• Can technological innovations help scientists predict tectonic events?

• Earthquake monitoring methods
• Volcano monitoring methods

• Vulnerability and exposure to disasters

• Factors deciding the impact of tectonic hazards
• Ways to respond to tectonic hazards

• Mitigation and adaptation
• Role of UN
• COP 21

• Global distribution of tectonic features
• Different plate margins and tectonic processes
• Different volcanoes and earthquake zones
• Role of innovations in making hazard prone zones safer
• Impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on communities around the world
• Greenhouse effect
• Ways to respond to tectonic hazards

• GIS integrates spatial data for informed decision-making in sustainability and planning.
• It aids in visualizing, analyzing, and interpreting environmental, social, and economic factors.

• Population management involves social, economic, and environmental factors.
• Balancing growth with resources, infrastructure, and services is crucial.

• Sustainable urban management balances economic, social, and environmental aspects.
• Strategies include compact city design, green infrastructure, and citizen participation.

• Technology monitors, manages, and mitigates human impact on water.
• Hard and soft engineering technologies are used for efficient water management.

• Sustainable consumption patterns are needed to meet global needs.
• Strategies include resource efficiency, waste reduction, and international cooperation.

• Biome management balances conservation and development.
• Indigenous knowledge, protected areas, and sustainable practices play key roles.

• Globalization brings economic growth but also inequality and cultural homogenization.
• Sustainable policies are needed to address its negative impacts.

• Tourism can create jobs but may also exacerbate inequality.
• Sustainable tourism practices aim to maximize benefits while minimizing negative impacts.

• Climate change requires global cooperation but faces political and economic challenges.
• Mitigation and adaptation efforts are hindered by disagreements over responsibility and funding.

• Equal access to hazard warning systems is crucial for ensuring public safety.
• Disparities in access can lead to unequal preparedness and vulnerability during disasters

• Technology can mitigate tectonic hazard impacts through early warning systems.
• Tools like seismic monitoring, GPS, and building design can reduce risks and enhance resilience.

• Questions related to how we can make the world a fairer place
• How technology can help us
• Raising awareness of major issues that affect people around the world 

• Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain?
• Key inventions that helped in the Industrial Revolution

• Textile industry
• Iron industry
• Steam Engine

• Conditions in factories
• Sources that relate the conditions in factories

• Child labour
• 1833 Factory Reform Act 

• Social change
• Political change

• Related maps
• People’s charter
• Suffragettes
• Electoral reform 1800-85

• Feudal system in Japan
• Internal factors that caused the  Industrial Revolution in Japan 
• External factors that caused the Industrial Revolution in Japan

• 1954 Treaty of Kanagawa

• Effects of Unequal Treaties on the Japanese
• Comparing Britain and Japan

• Meiji restoration
• Meiji reforms

• Abolition of the feudal system
• Political reforms
• Economic reforms
• Social reforms
• Military reforms
• Revision of the unequal treaties

• Impact of ending of the feudal system
• Impact of industrialisation
• Related sources

• Reasons why the Industrial Revolution took place
• Different inventions that made the Industrial Revolution possible
• Impact of the industrial revolution on people in Britain and Japan
• Comparison between Britain and Japan

• Who are pioneers, innovators and developers?
• Aim of expeditions 
• Sources related to expeditions 

• Other examples of inventors

• Thomas Edison
• Josephine Cochrane

• Examples of inventors and pioneers
• Reasons for the success of these inventors and pioneers

• Spice trade

• Cultural exchange due to trade

• Silk trade and the silk route
• Opium trade
• 19th century China

• History of contact between the Europeans and the Manchu

• Long-term causes of war

• Cultural and diplomatic differences
• Economic differences/attitude towards trade

• Short-term causes of war

• Dispute over the opium trade

• Sources related to the opium trade
• Lin Zexu’s role in the opium trade
• Immediate causes of war

• Britain claims extraterritoriality 

• End of the first opium war

• Treaty of Nanjing

• Reasons for the second opium war

• Treaty of Tientsin
• Concession of Beijing

• Advantages foreign powers got due to unfair treaties
• Impact of western influence and exploitation in China at the domestic level 
• Chinese government’s response to the West
• Failure of China’s self-strengthening

• Christian missionaries in China
• The Boxer Rebellion

• The slave trade

• Depiction of the slave trade on the map
• Related sources

• Effects of the slave trade
• Reasons why slavery continued in the USA until 1865

• International aid
• Impact of aid

• Different types of global trade at different times
• How trade can cause benefits but also conflict
• Different types of aid 
• Consequences of aid

• How the daily lives of people were affected

• Example of Henry Ford and his method
• Impact of mass production on different industries
• Related sources

•  London’s Blitz
• Evacuation
• Rationing
• Lives of women
• Government and propaganda and censorshipGovernment and welfare schemes

• Changes the government brought about after the war
• Laws passed by the British government after the Second World War

• Impact of technology, war and government on daily life

• Developments in medicine before 1750
• Contribution of ancient Greeks to medicine and health
• Contribution of the Romans to medicine and health
• Health and medicine in the middle ages

• Epidemic and the plague

• Renaissance and health and medicine 
• Factors that brought about changes in medicine 

• Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution
• Impact of the industrial revolution on medicine and health
• Vaccinations-smallpox
• Women in medicine
• Germ theory
• Surgery
• Infection
• Blood loss
• Public health
• Related sources

• Improvements due to the First World War

• Managing blood loss
• New ways of fighting infections
• Surgery techniques improved

• Summary of medical progress during the first world war
• The second world war and its impact

• Discovery of penicillin 
• New surgical techniques
• Ways of combating disease 
• Improvements in public health

• Summary of medical progress during the second world war

• Key developments in 19th and 20thcentury in medicine and health
• Impact of industrial revolution that caused changes in medicine and health
• Role of individuals in bringing about this change

• Famous paintings of the era
• Romanticism 
• Realism
• Photography  

• Dada movement
• Quotes from artists of the time

• Socialist realism 
• Case study of Vsevolod Meyerhold
• Impact of socialist realism in the soviet union

• Reasons for the movement of the develop
• The Vietnam war 
• Results of the 1960s youth movement

• Social developments 
• The hippie movement
• Student protest

• Impact of industrial revolution, the first world war and the Bolshevik revolution on artistic movements and cultural movements
• Social and cultural changes in the 1960s

• Anarchism
• Nihilists 
• Liberalism
• Marxism
• Communism 
• Democratic socialism
• Social Darwinism
• Fascism 
• National socialism 
• Humanism 
• Existentialism
• Feminism
• Timeline of significant women and their achievements in the 20th century
• Related sources 

• Dada movement
• Quotes from artists of the time

• Socialist realism 

• Case study of Vsevolod Meyerhold
• Impact of socialist realism in the soviet union

• Different intellectual and ideological movements of the 19th and the 20thcenturies 
• Role of different individuals and organisations within these movements 
• Impact of these ideas on our lives today

• The alliance systems 
• Anglo-German rivalry 
• Increase in military spending 
• Need to plan for war

• Germany: The Schlieffen plan
• France: Plan 17
• Austria-Hungary
• Russia
• Timelines of the first world war 

• The Moroccan crises, 1905 and 1911
• The Agadir conference, 1911
• Problems in the Balkans
• The Bosnian crisis, 1908
• The Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913
• The July crisis, 1914

• The assassination at Sarajevo
• Reaction of the great powers

• Failure of the war plans in the West and in the East
• Why did a conflict between the European powers develop into a world war? 

• Reasons for the end of the First World War

• The Treaty of Versailles 

• Terms of the treaty
• Impact of the treaty

• Actions taken by/on different countries

• France
• USA
• Britain
• Italy
• Germany

• Weakness of the league of nations
• The great depression
• Expressionist ideologies in Europe- Hitler and Mussolini
• New alliances

• Munich agreement
• Nazi-soviet pact
• Policy of appeasement
• Expansionist ideologies in Asia-Japan
• Impact of ideologies on the causes of war
• Timeline of Japan’s war and America’s war and how the war expanded to Asia

• The treaty of San Francisco
• Comparison between treaty of Versailles and the treaty of San Francisco

• Vietnam war
• Gulf war
• Spanish civil war

• Causes of the two world wars
• Ways these wars were fought
• Peace making process at the end of the world wars
• Problems of creating and maintain a lasting peace 

• Reasons for the expansion

• Technological advances
• Explorers and missionaries
• Economic reasons
• Population growth
• Nationalism and national rivalries
• Strategic reasons 

• Different thinkers on empire building

• Edward Wakefield
•  J.A. Hobson
• Vladimir Lenin
• Sir Thomas Raffles
• Rudyard Kipling

• The triple alliance (the central powers)
• The triple entente
• Country profiles of the great powers of Europe  
• Role of alliances

• The League of Nations

• Structure of the league of nations
• How did the league respond to the challenges of the aggressor states?
• Why did the League of Nations fail?

• United Nations

• How was the UN created?
• Organs of the United Nations
• Who has the most influence in the UN?
• UN’s specialised agencies
• How successful were the UN’s specialised agencies?
• To what extent has the UN been successful in peacekeeping around the world?
• Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions, 1945-63
• Comparing UN actions
• Case study of the Korean war, 1950-53, Arab-Israeli war, 1967, Congo, 1960

• What is a superpower?
• Reasons for becoming a superpower

• Military reasons
• Economic reasons
• Ideological reasons

• Difference between USSR and the USA

• Reasons for the expansion of the influence of the superpowers

• Different perspectives of historians
• Ways in which the superpowers developed their spheres of influence and confronted each other
• Case study of China
• Nazi-soviet pact

• Why alliances are formed?
• NATO
• The Warsaw Pact
• Impact of superpower alliance systems

• Reasons nations create empires and the role played by economic interests and ideology in their development
• Different supra-national alliances 
• Why these alliances are formed as systems to protect national interests
• Work and actions by supra-national organisations
• Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of these organisations 

• Britain’s colonies and their nationalist struggles

• The Rowlatt Act
• The Amritsar Massacre
• Gandhi and Non-cooperation
• Response of the British to civil disobedience 
• Impact of the second world war on nationalist movement in India
• Situation of Jinnah and the Muslim League

• Why did resentment develop against the British?
• Actions Mau Mau organisation took
• Results of the Mau Mau rebellion
• Importance of the Mau Mau rebellion in getting independence from Britain
• Nationalist movements in other colonial countries 

• Reasons for the growth of nationalist movements in India and Kenya
• How the nationalist struggles unfolded
• Role of nationalist movements in bringing independence  

• Civil rights in America
• The situation of the southern states of the USA

• Segregation
• Voting rights

• Situation in the northern states of the USA
• Actions taken before 1950 to improve the situation for Black Americans
• Legal action

• Brown vs Topeka Board of Education, 1954
• Central High School, Little Rock, 1957

• Direct Action

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Sit-ins
• The Freedom Riders

• Marches

• Birmingham
• Washington

•  The civil rights act 1964

• Selma 

• The Voting Rights Act
• Why did some Black Americans criticise non-violent protest?
• The nation of Islam and Malcolm X
• What was meant by black power?
• The impact of non-violent protest

• Civil rights in South Africa

• The apartheid system
• Apartheid laws 
• How was the apartheid system maintained?

• Success of non-violent protest in opposing the apartheid regime?

• The Defiance Campaign
• Bus Boycotts
• Protest against passes
• The Freedom Charter
• The Treason Trial

• Violent protests

• Why did the South Africans resort to violence?
• The Rivona Trials

•  Other forms of resistance to apartheid

• Steve Biko and Black Consciousness
• The Soweto uprising and student protest

• Related sources
• How Apartheid ended

• Factors which contributed to the end of apartheid

• Reasons Civil Rights Protest in America and South Africa
• Nature of protest 
• Impact of protests in bringing about change

• Factors that make an individual significant in history
• List of significant individuals
• Impact of individuals 

• on trade
• in medicine and industry
• innovation
• in art and culture
• on intellectual and ideological movements
• on the development of conflict and on peace-making
• on empires and alliances
• on political and social change
• overall impact of individuals

• Marxists
• Structuralist
• Annales
• Accidentalists

• Role of individuals in bringing about change in a variety of spheres

• Meaning of genocide
• Un definition of genocide
• Why should we learn about genocide?
• Why genocide took place?

• What was the holocaust?
• Reasons for the holocaust 
• Ideological opponents of Nazism
• Anti-Jewish policies carried out by the Nazis after 1933
• Timeline of policies enforced against the Jews
• Second world war and its effect on the Jews

• Ghettos
• Einsatzgruppen
• The Final Solution

• How Hitler made the holocaust happen
• Related sources

• Actions of the state that led to the holocaust
• Nazi leaders and their actions
• Related sources

• How the common people of Germany were accomplices to the holocaust
• Related sources

• The Second World led to the holocaust in some ways
• Examples of genocides

• Reasons for the Holocaust
• Examples of genocides
• Causal factors for genocide

• Evolution and inheritance.
• Advantages of living in a social group.
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
• Disadvantages of living in a social group.

• Durkheim and size and complexity of social units

• Main causes of change in social groups.
• Small and large groups.
• Mechanical solidarity.
• Organic solidarity.
• Kinship ties.

• Economic systems

• Slavery
• Feudalism
• Capitalism
• Communism 

• Production, consumption, trade and exchange.
• Thoughts of Marx on giving the power in the hand of workers.
• Equality versus Equity

• Equality- everyone earns equal wage irrespective of gender.
• Equity- fairness, providing someone with something they need.

• Future of workforce and automation

• Effect of industrial revolution.
• Increase in productivity.
• Development of coal-fired engines.

• Norms and Values

• Norms and values are important beliefs and rules of a community that are expected to be fulfilled by all members of the group.
• Consequences of acting against the beliefs of your social group.
• Role of religion in the way people interact.
• Religion and its effect on politics.
• Religion and its effect on legal systems.

• Culture 

• Culture refers to the ideas, beliefs and customs of a social group.
• E.B. Tylor’s definition of culture.
• Role of culture in building connections between people.

• Cultural diffusion

• Globalisation gives birth to cultural diffusion.
• People adapt to new influences and beliefs.
• Cultures of different countries and regions have successfully spread themselves throughout the different parts of the world.
• Glocalization. 

• Importance of social media for businesses and building social public relations.
• Contribution of technology and social media platforms in creating a worldwide market for trade, opportunities and challenges.
• Social media and advertising.
• Examples of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
• Use of feedback to get reviews and suggestions about products through social media.

• Expanding businesses through social media.
• Using social media influencers in today’s era to attract their followers to buy products.

• Meeting the needs of the present generation in a manner that does not deplete resources and affect the lives of future generations is known as sustainability. It is basically the maintenance of resources.
• Pillars of sustainability

• Social sustainability
• Environmental sustainability
• Economic sustainability

• Using sources
• Observations
• Graphical skills
• Interpretation of data
• Critical thinking

• Reasons for forming social groups.
• Impact of growing populations on relationships between groups.
• Equality and equity.
• Government and taxes.
• Role of law, globalisation and social media in shaping societies and social groups.

• Empire- a large group of states/regions all under the control of a single monarch.

• Examples of famous empires like New Kingdom Egypt and The Roman Empire etc.
• Reasons for the formation of empires.
• Imperialism 
• Common attributes of empires

• All have a central authority
• Are formed as a result of military war or economic domination

• Central authority

• An individual or small group of people acting as the central authority of the empire.
• Presence of a capital city.
• The government of the empire was in charge of law, military, economy and resources.
• Central authorities of,

• New Kingdom Egypt
• Imperial Rome

• Role of military in,

• Umayyad Caliphate
• Mongol Empire

• Chariot warfare

• Greatest development in warfare- creation of chariot (a 2 person cart with a composite bow to make a weapon).
• Structure of a chariot.
• Detailed use of a chariot.
• Explanation of Chariot warfare in New Kingdom Egypt.

• Careful security of important supplies like grains, eater and other resources can be proven very useful and a significant factor of expansion.
• Roman Empire

• Grain in Egypt
• Silver and agriculture in Carthage

• Role of climate in development and expansion of 

• Umayyad Caliphate
• The Mongol Empire

• The formation of empires was highly based on military conquest and economic needs.
• Although the establishment of empires has frequently occurred throughout human history, it is not always the case. A multitude of interrelated elements play a complex role in the formation of empires, and historical developments can vary depending on the conditions and settings.

• Empires have had a huge effect on the world we live in today.
• In today’s time, with the coming of different forms of governments like Democracy in most parts of the world, empires might have become a thing of the past.

• Formation of empires.
• Characteristics of empires.
• Importance and contribution of a variety of factors in the making of an empire.
• Benefits of empires.

• Government and Bureaucracy
• Legal systems
• Law and law enforcement
• Infrastructure
• Dams and Canals
• Food storage
• Communication systems
• Similarity between empires and modern supranational organizations and superpowers.

• Cultural exchange (ideas and goods)

• In roman empire

• Engineering
• Religion
• Language

• In Mongol empire

• Religion
• Technology and ideas
• Agriculture, travel and commerce

• To protect the empire the monarch must be prepared against military threats. 
• Different empires and their forms of protection:

• Standing armies

• Roman empire
• Mongols 

• Alliances

• Medes-Babylon alliance
• Delian league 

• Military constructions

• Fortress of Mirgissa
• Constantinople city walls
• The Great Wall of China

• Military strength
• Military infrastructure
• Treaties
• New legal system
• Alliances
• Resource management
• Planning
• Innovation
• Adaptation 

• Provides vision and direction
• Enhances decision-making
• Ensures code and conduct
• Ensures stability
• Crisis management

• Systems maintaining empires.
• Effects of global interaction and innovation.
• Protection from threats.

• Reasons of collapse of an empire

• External issues

• Climate change
• Decline in agriculture
• Famine
• Disease
• Invasion of an empire

• Internal issues

• Failure to maintain systems
• Poor taxation
• Poor transportation
• Unstable economy
• Corruption 

• Natural disasters

• Earthquakes
• Tsunamis
• Volcanic eruptions
• Floods
• Storms
• Hurricanes
• Cyclones
• Typhoons 

• Climate change (for instance the Kiloyear Event).
• Disease (for instance the Antoine Plague of Rome and China).

• Civil war

• Parthian empire
• Sasanian empire
• Inca civil war

• Rebellions 

• Ming revolt against Yuan Dynasty of China

• Independence movements

• Fatimid Caliphate

• Breakdown of imperial systems

• Roman empire
• Mongol empire

• Innovation 

• End of bronze age
• Changes in warfare
• End of Chariot warfare
• Use of iron

• Military superiority

• Mongols against Xi Xia and Song Dynasty of China

• Economic weakness

• Mamluk Sultanate

• Collapse of an empire affects

• Communication
• Legal systems
• Security
• Economy 

• World peace, superpowers, and empires have a complicated and dynamic connection that has changed over time. While certain superpowers and empires have aided in times of comparatively calm and stability, others have been linked to unrest and instability.

• Reasons behind failure of an empire.
• Military superiority, economic superiority, innovation, climate and size as reasons for collapse.
• Strengths of an empire.
• Weaknesses of an empire.
• Empires and the modern world.

• The Earth’s surface is home to a variety of ecosystems, each distinguished by a distinct blend of topography, climate, and biological traits.

• Rainforests

• Rainforest vegetation
• Rainforest wildlife

• Deserts

• Vegetation 
• Desert wildlife

• Grasslands

• Vegetation
• Wildlife 

• Tundra

• Vegetation
• Wildlife 

• Aquatic environments

• Freshwater environments
• Marine environments

• Impact of humans on rainforests.
• Impact of humans on desert environments.
• Impact of humans on grasslands.
• Impact of humans on Tundra.
• Impact of humans on Freshwater areas.
• Impact of humans on Marine areas.

• Sustainability in rainforests
• Sustainability in drylands
• Sustainability in grassland areas
• Sustainability in Tundra areas
• Sustainability in marine areas

• Depending on how it is handled and its effects are dealt with, globalization may both be a force for growth and for harm. 
• Globalization and development,

• Economic growth
• Technological development
• Exchange of culture

• Globalization and destruction,

• Degradation of environment
• Social inequality
• Exploitation of labour

• Natural environments of earth.
• Impact of human activities on the environment.
• Global environmental change.
• Impact of human interactions on sustainability.
• Need for balanced use of resources.
• Preservation of the environment for future generations.

• Impact of physical and human factors in distribution of population in different parts of the world

• Relief features
• Soil
• Climate
• Availability of water
• Educational opportunities
• Job and economical opportunities
• Social factors
• Political factors
• Environmental factors

• Few areas of China are more populous as compared to other chinese regions due to high opportunity of trade routes, business, prosperity, climate, education, development etc. in some areas over another.
• International migration-Mexico and USA.

• Difficult access to food, water, shelter and healthcare.
• Social disruption.
• Trauma and mental health disorders.
• Harm to resources and stability.
• Case study of forced migration  from Syria.

• Migration- a constant factor of change in population.
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Fertility rate
• Demographic transition model.
• Population pyramids

• Use of demographic transition model and population pyramids to analyse change in population over time.
• Implementation of government policies to solve issues related to population and control growth. (for instance China’s one child policy)

• Enhanced employment opportunities.
• Advancement of technology and its advantages.
• Advancement of technology and its disadvantages.
• Cultural change.
• Cost of living.
• Development of infrastructure.

• Development 

• Economic growth
• Market demand
• Innovation
• High productivity
• Investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure etc.

• Destruction 

• Over use and straining of resources
• Environmental degradation
• Global warming
• Poverty
• Less employment opportunities and more employees
• Inequality
• Conflict
• Pollution 

• Population change.
• Impact and consequences of population change.
• Factors influencing variation in population.
• Population- key cause of social and environmental change.
• Population as a source of development.
• Advantages of population growth.
• Disadvantages of population growth.

• Sustainable development refers to fulfilling the needs and requirements of the present generation without harming the possibility of future generations to fulfil their needs.
• Egan wheel
• 17 Sustainable development goals- launched by the United Nations in 2015.

• Unsustainable linear city and sustainable circular city system.
• Megacity and Eco-city.
• Studying inputs and outputs.

• Air pollution
• High population
• Overcrowding
• Deforestation
• Limited green belt
• LEDCs and MEDCs
• High collection of waste
• Crime
• Inequality
• Poverty
• Limited supply of services and jobs due to high number of applications
• Urban stress
• Cycle of deprivation

• Masdar city
• Curitiba 

• Role of technology and innovation in development and growth today.
• Examples of innovative ideas like Uber that have promising claims of reducing car ownership as the majority of people would opt for Uber services that plan to use low-emission hybrid vehicles. Resulting in fewer cars on road, thereby reducing pollution and overcrowding.
• Examples of innovative ideas like Waze that have promising claims of providing users with the shortest routes possible, thereby reducing jams and consumption of fuel.

• Yes, if built with proper planning and regular maintenance and check, sustainable cities are real.
• Characteristics of sustainable cities,

• Equality
• Environmental sustainability
• Careful use of resources
• Sanitation
• Economic opportunities and prosperity

• Urban cities as a system.
• Role of innovation in development and sustainability.
• Case studies of sustainable cities.
• Evaluation of urban systems as sustainable environments.
• Innovative strategies to bring sustainability.
• Key aspects of a sustainable city.

• Factors of production.
• Command economies.
• Market economies.

• Markets
• Demand
• Supply
• Supply and Demand diagram
• Changing markets

• Negative externalities (negative impact)
• Positive externalities (positive impact)

• Taxes
• Subsidies
• Price ceilings
• Price floors
• Laws and regulations

• What is an economy?
• Governments
• Banks 
• Foreign markets
• Aggregate demand and aggregate supply

• What is recession?
• What leads to recession?
• Negative consequences of recession.

• Role of government in shaping the economy.
• Classical school of thought and Freidrich Von Hayek

• Markets
• How do markets work?
• Examples of systems that do not work well.
• Market economy.
• Role of governments.

• What is globalization?
• Causes and consequences of globalization.
• Types of firms in an economy.

• Hyper-globalists
• Sceptical internationalists

• Reasons behind trade.
• Theory of comparative advantage.
• Supply and demand.
• Impact of trade on consumers.
• Impact of trade on producers.

• Importance of trade for a successful society.
• Example of Petra.

• Trade might be restricted to protect domestic products against foreign products.
• Reasons for restriction might include,

• Fledging or Infant industries
• Sunset industries.
• Concept of anti-dumping.
• Protection of jobs.
• Independence
• Security 
• Protecting culture
• Health, safety and environmental regulations.

• Tariffs
• Protectionism 

• Free trade area
• Customs union
• Common market
• Monetary union
• Complete economic integration

• Changing currency values everyday.
• Evaluating the change of currency values.

• Advantages for trade.
• Disadvantages against trade.
• Advantages for aid.
• Disadvantages against aid.
• Advantages for microfinance.
• Disadvantages of microfinance.

• How trade improves international relations?
• Trade and competitiveness of firms.
• Protectionist measures.
• Trade agreements between countries.
• Currencies
• Exchange trades

• Poverty cycle.
• Use of poverty cycle and economic growth.

result in development?

• Income Inequality
• Negative Externalities.
• Unsustainable use of resources.
• Overdependence on a narrow range of Industrial Output.

of a developing country.

• Single Indicators like Birth Rates and income.
• Composite Indicators.
• Human Development Index and associated methodology.

• Millennium Development Goals.
• Sustainable Development Goals.

• Economic barriers.
• Corruption and Political Instability.
• HIV and AIDS.
• Geographical Barriers.

does development

require intervention

in markets?

• Market-based Policies.
• Interventionist Policies.
• Public Goods.

• Concept of development.
• Challenges that certain nations encounter in improving their quality of life.
• Various policies that governments can employ to foster development.

• 90 million barrels of oil produced everyday.
• Middle east- largest supplier of oil.
• OPEC- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
• Dependency of the world on the Middle East for oil.
• Major suppliers- Saudi Arabia followed by Russia, Iran, Iraq and Venezuela.

• Process of extraction depends on raw material and surface.
• Common extraction methods,

• Drilling via oil sands
• Extracting petroleum from oil or tar sands
• Hydraulic fracturing or fracking

• Importance of oil in the Naval Arms Race.
• Manchurian crisis.
• Tripartite Pact of 27 September, 1940.
• German expansionism- Operation Barbarossa.
• The Suez Canal and the Suez Crisis of 1956.
• The Iraq war.

• Volatile oil prices.
• Reasons for constant fluctuation of oil prices,

• Price elasticity of demand
• Price elasticity of supply

• Extraction of oil is a huge source of development, because,

• Trade
• Transportation
• Oil industry
• Other Industries
• Reliance on primary goods
• More tax revenue

• Pollution
• Decline of food production
• Economic issues
• Environmental concerns
• Example of development in Dubai

• Hydroelectric power
• Solar panels
• Wind energy

• Distribution of oil reserves.
• Extraction of oil.
• Effect of oil production and trade.
• Why do oil prices fluctuate so much?
• Price elasticity of demand.
• Price elasticity of supply.
• Positive and negative impacts of oil export.
• Sustainability of oil industries.
• Effects oil extraction and industry.

• Research and gathering data.
• Framing an investigation.
• Problem-solving.
• Collaborative learning.
• Use of feedback.
• Reflection 

• Identify current affairs and issues.
• Focus on certain aspects of an issue.
• Try to make the research question as focused and precise as possible.
• Research and planning.
• Read previous papers and essays.

• Perspective changes on coming across different subjects.
• This is because of,

• Prior knowledge
• Different people have different views and different understandings of a topic.
• Cognitive flexibility.
• Critical thinking skills.
• Awareness 

• For instance, a historian, economist,geographer etc. all will have different perspectives about the Wall Street Crash of 1929, as all are from different subject fields, have different critical thinking skills, awareness levels, cognitive ideas and vision.

• Evaluate the source.
• Use data from government websites or secured websites of trusted organisations.
• Cross -check evidence from different trusted sites.
• Critical thinking

• Techniques to answer exam style questions.
• Focus on criteria.
• Focus on command terms.
• Be precise and focused.
• Be critical and not generic.
• Provide evidence.
• Time management.

• Skills needed to excel in an MYP Individuals and Societies course.
• Ability to elucidate intricate concepts and issues, gather research to substantiate our arguments, assess assertions, and craft counter-arguments. 
• Ideas from various viewpoints and scrutinised the ramifications of those perspectives.