Comprehensive IB Maths AI SL & HL Syllabus

Series- A series is the sum of all the terms in a sequence.

A finite sequence has a fixed number of terms.

An infinite sequence has an infinite number of terms.

A term in a sequence is named using the notation 𝑎𝑛, where 𝑛 is the position of the term in the sequence.

A term in a sequence is named using the notation 𝑎𝑛, where 𝑛 is the position of the term in the sequence.

A sequence formed when each term after the first is found by adding a fixed non-zero number is called an arithmetic sequence.

Adding up the terms of an arithmetic sequence gives us arithmetic series.

When 𝑟 > 1, the sequence is diverging.
And when 𝑟 < 1, the sequence is converging.

A geometric series with 𝑟 < 1 and with infinite number of terms is called an infinite geometric series.

• Compound interest
• Population growth
• Annual Depreciation

Logarithms and numerical evaluation of logarithms

Percentage error expresses as a percentage the difference between an approximate or measured value and an exact or known value.

Significant figures are used to express it to the required degree of accuracy, starting from the first non-zero digit.

Estimations are rough calculations of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something.

• Systems of linear equations in up to 3 variables
• Polynomial equations

logaxy = logax + logay

logaxy = logax … logay logaxm = mlogax

for a, x, y > 0

Complex numbers cannot be represented on the number line, but are analytic solutions to equations whose solutions are not real numbers. These complex numbers have an imaginary unit.

A number that is expressed in terms of the square root of a negative number is called an imaginary number.

The polar form of a complex number z = a + bi is z = r(cosθ + isinθ)

Euler’s formula is the statement that 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = cos(𝜃) + isin(𝜃)

DeMoivre’s Theorem states that z_n = (r𝑒𝑖𝜃)_n = r_n 𝑒𝑖 _𝑛𝜃

Forming and converting between Cartesian, polar and exponential forms

Polar or exponential forms – calculating products, quotients and integer powers

Vector addition and subtraction(Geometric interpretation of complex numbers)

Types of matrices: Row, Column, Square, Diagonal, Zero, Upper Triangular and Lower Triangular

Adding and subtracting matrices

Addition of matrices is commutative which means A+B = B+A

Addition of matrices is associative which means A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C whereas subtraction is neither.

Scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix.

Multiplication of matrices is non-commutative which means A*B ≠ B*A

Multiplication of matrices is associative which means A*(B*C) = (A*B)*C

If the determinant of the matrix ≠ 0, then the inverse of the matrix exists.

A·v = λ·v

An n × n matrix A is diagonalizable if it is similar to a diagonal matrix: that is, if there exists an invertible n × n matrix P and a diagonal matrix

The method we can use to find the matrix representing a transformation is given by the Matrix Basis theorem.

Lines with gradients m1 and m2

Parallel lines m1 = m2.

Perpendicular lines m1 × m2 = … 1.

The domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the independent variable.

We determine the domain of each function by looking for those values of the independent variable

The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable, after we have substituted the domain.

An inverse function or an anti-function is defined as a function, which can reverse into another function.

The method of calculating an inverse is swapping of coordinates x and y.

Sketching and drawing graphs with given equations

Determination of key features of a graph – maximum and minimum values, root values, intercepts, horizontal and vertical asymptotes, vertices of a given graph

Quadratic models. f x = ax2 + bx + c ; vertex, zeros and roots, intercepts on the x-axis and y -axis. a ≠ 0. Axis of symmetry,

Exponential growth and decay models. f (x) = kax + c f(x)=ka…x+c (fora>0) f (x) = kerx + c

Equation of a horizontal asymptote. Direct/inverse variation: fx=axn, n∈Z

The y-axis is a vertical asymptote when n < 0.

Cubic models: f x =ax3+bx2+cx+d.

Sinusoidal models: f x = asin(bx)+d,

Understanding and selecting or identifying models, parameters,

Inverse function f …1, including domain restriction. Finding an inverse function.

Translations: y = f (x) + b ;y = f (x … a).

Reflections: in the x axis y = … f (x), and in the y axis

y = f ( … x).

Vertical stretch with scale factor p: y = p f (x).

Horizontal stretch with scale factor 1q : y = f (qx)

Composite transformations

Exponential decay and be used to model radioactive decay and depreciation.

Exponential decay models of this form can model sales or learning curves where there is an upper limit.

The logarithmic model has a period of rapid increase, followed by a period where the growth slows, but the growth continues to increase without bound.

Piecewise functions: A piecewise function is a function where more than one formula is used to define the output.

Any motion that repeats itself in a fixed time period is considered periodic motion and can be modelled by a sinusoidal function.

The logistics model begins with a slow growth, followed by a period of moderate growth, and then back to a period of slow growth.

Linearizing data using logarithms to determine if the data has an exponential or a power relationship using best-fit straight lines to determine parameters

Interpretation of log-log and semi-log graphs.

AB = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏)𝟐

Lines and Intersections: Coincident lines, Parallel lines, Intersecting Lines

If two lines are perpendicular to each other, one is said to be normal to the other at the point of intersection.

Given the cartesian coordinates A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) the distance between A and B is given by: AB = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏)𝟐

Angles of rotation are formed in the coordinate plane between the positive x-axis (initial side) and a ray

Formula for surface area and volume of geometric solids

Sine rule and cosine rule

Area of a triangle =

Isosceles: means “equal legs”, they have two equal “sides” joined by an “odd” side.

Scalene: means “uneven” or “odd”, so no equal sides.

The term angle of elevation denotes the angle from horizontal upward to an object.

The term angle of depression denotes the angle from horizontal downward to an object.

Pythagoras theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides

Area of the sector

Note: Measurements in radians not part of SL

Nearest neighbor interpolation

Using radians to calculate area of sector, length of arc.

The Pythagorean identity: cos2θ + sin2θ = 1

Ambiguous case of the sine rule

Solving trigonometric equations graphically within a finite interval (sinusoidal models)

Geometric transformations with matrices – translations, rotations, reflections, horizontal and vertical stretching and enlargements

Producing fractals using iterative techniques with compositions of the above transformations

Unit vectors have a magnitude of 1. They are represented by 𝒗̂ = v/|v| where |v| represents the magnitude of vector v.

The position vector of a point P, with coordinates (x, y, z), is the vector 𝑟⃗ with initial point on the origin and terminal point on P.

Rescaling and normalizing vectors

Vectors in kinematics

Modeling linear motion in 2D and 3D with constant velocity

Vector product or cross product is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space.

Angles between two vectors can also be found using dot product and cross product.

Geometric interpretation of – (Area of parallelogram)

Components of vectors

A graph G is said to be connected if there exists a path between every pair of vertices.

Varieties of graphs:

• Simple
• Complex
• Weighted
• Directed – in and out degree
• Subgraphs
• Trees

Weighted adjacency tables

Transition matrix construction

Minimum spanning tree has direct application in the design of networks.

Kruskal’s Algorithm builds the spanning tree by adding edges one by one into a growing spanning tree.

In Prim’s Algorithm we grow the spanning tree from a starting position.

A connected graph G is Eulerian if there exists a closed trail containing every edge of G. Such a trail is an Eulerian trail.

In graph theory, an Euler cycle in a connected, weighted graph is called the Chinese Postman problem.

A path is a walk which does not pass through any vertex more than once. A cycle is a walk that begins and ends at the same vertex

A Hamiltonian path or cycle is a path or cycle which passes through all the vertices in a graph.

The classical traveling salesman problem (TSP) is to find the Hamiltonian cycle of least weight in a complete weighted graph.

An upper bound can be found using the nearest neighbour algorithm

Lower bounds can be found by using spanning trees.

Understanding and determining reliability and bias of data in sampling

Interpretation of outliers

Effectiveness of various sampling techniques(simple random, convenience, systematic, quota and stratified)

A box and whisker plot—also called a box plot—displays the five-number summary of a set of data.

The cumulative frequency of a set of data or class intervals of a frequency table is the sum of the frequencies of the data up to a required level.

Types of correlation

Interpolation is where we find a value inside our set of data points.

Extrapolation is where we find a value outside our set of data points

The mean is the arithmetic average.

The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of data.

The median is the middle data value when the data values are arranged in order of size.

Range is found by subtracting the smallest number from the largest number.

Standard deviation gives an idea how the values are related to the mean.

Variance is given by 𝜎2

Measure of dispersion of data

Quartiles of discrete data

Pearson’s product-moment correlation and its coefficient r – only applicable in linear relationships

Scatter diagrams

Equation of regression line of y on x, using it in prediction and interpretation of its parameters, a and b, in the linear regression  y = ax + b.

Trials: Repeating an experiment a number of times.

Outcome: A possible result of an experiment.

Event: An outcome or set of outcomes.

Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment, always denoted by U.

To solve problems involving independent events, it is often helpful to draw a tree diagram.

Sample space is a term used in mathematics to mean all possible outcomes.

The conditional probability (which is basically Bayes’ theorem) of an event B is the probability that the event will occur given the knowledge that an event A has already occurred.

Independent events

The variance of a discrete random variable measures the spread or the variability of the distribution and is denoted by 𝜎2=∑𝑛 (𝑥−𝜇)2𝑃(X=xi)

If a random variable takes all possible values between two limits or if it represents a real number then the random variable is called a continuous random variable.

Expected value – E(X)

Applications of discrete data

Normal probability

Inverse normal calculations

Null and alternative hypothesis

The p-value is the probability of observing a sample statistic as extreme as the test statistic.

Contingency tables (also called crosstabs or two-way tables) are used in statistics to summarize the relationship between several categorical variables.

A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on only one side of the sampling distribution, is called a one-tailed test and a test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on both sides of the sampling distribution, is called a two-tailed test.

The t-test is a statistical test which is widely used to compare the mean of two groups of samples.

One-sample t-test is used to compare the mean of a population to a specified theoretical mean (μ).

Independent (or unpaired two sample) t-test is used to compare the means of two unrelated groups of samples

Paired sample t-test: To compare the means of the two paired sets of data, the differences between all pairs must be, first, calculated.

Choosing an appropriate number of degrees of freedom when estimating parameters from data when carrying out the χ2 goodness of fit test.

Definition of reliability and validity.

Reliability tests

Validity tests

 gives the proportion of variability in the second variable accounted for by the chosen model.

Sum of square residuals to determine the fit for a model

The connection between the coefficient of determination and the Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient for linear models.

Expected value of linear combinations of n random variables.

Variance of linear combinations of n independent random variables

Unbiased estimates

Central Linear theorem

Sum of two separate Poisson distributions

Testing hypotheses with the Poisson distribution is very similar to testing them with the binomial distribution.

Type I error. A Type I error occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it is true.

Type II error. A Type II error occurs when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is false.

A Markov chain is a mathematical system that experiences transitions from one state to another according to certain probabilistic rules.

Initial state probability matrices

Steady state and long-term probabilities using linear equation systems or transition matrices

A function is decreasing on an interval if for any x1 and x2 in the interval then, x1 < x2 implies f(x1) > f(x2)

An Inflection Point is where a curve changes from Concave upward to Concave downward or vice versa.

A normal to a curve is a line perpendicular to a tangent to the curve.

If F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most general antiderivative of f(x) is called an indefinite integral and denoted by ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = F(x) + c

Local minimum and maximum

To find absolute maximum or minimum we need to find local extrema and then compare them to see which one is the greatest or least value for the entire domain of f(x).

Given a function f(x) that is continuous on the interval [a,b] we divide the interval into n sub- intervals of equal width, Δx, and from each interval choose a point, xi.

Using substitution with definite integral

Midpoint and trapezoidal rule

The chain rule states that the derivative of f(g(x)) is f'(g(x))⋅g'(x).

Product Rule: If the two functions f(x) and g(x) are differentiable then the product is differentiable and (f(x)g(x))′ = f′(x)g(x) + f(x)g′(x)

If the two functions f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x) are differentiable (i.e. the derivative exist) then the quotient is differentiable

Related rates of change

Suppose f(x) is a function of x that is twice differentiable at a stationary point x0.

1. If f’’(x0) > 0, then f has a local minimum at x0.

2. If f’’(x0) < 0, then f has a local maximum at x0.

Integration by substitution

A similar technique to the one we have just used can also be employed to find the areas sandwiched between curves.

To get a solid of revolution we start out with a function, y=f(x), on an interval [a, b].

The volume formula stays the same as the method of rings but the area differs.

A differential equation is an equation that contains a derivative.

A separable differential equation is any differential equation that we can write in the following form: N(y) 𝑑𝑦 = M(x)

Producing and devising the numerical solutions of coupled systems

●       dx/dt = ax + by

●       dy/dt = cx + dy

Distinct, real, complex and imaginary Eigen values and analysing the future paths produced due to them

Identifying equilibrium points, stable populations and saddle points with the creation and assistance trajectories and phase portraits