IB MYP Sciences Syllabus (Grade 1-5)

• Outline scientific knowledge.
• Apply your scientific knowledge and comprehension to solve problems in scenarios you are familiar with and to provide answers for difficulties you are not.
• Make decisions based on information interpretation and scientific evidence.

• Describe scientific understanding.
• Apply scientific knowledge and expertise to address problems in both familiar and unexpected settings.
• Analyze information to reach scientifically sound conclusions.

• Describe scientific knowledge.
• Apply scientific knowledge and expertise to address problems in both familiar and unexpected settings.
• Analyze and evaluate material to reach scientifically sound conclusions.

• Describe a suitable research subject or problem that needs to be investigated scientifically.
• Using scientific reasoning, outline a testable prediction.
• Describe the methods to be used for manipulating the variables and gathering data.
• Develop scientific investigations.

• Describe an issue or query that you would like a scientific study to investigate.
• Describe a tested hypothesis and provide a scientific justification for it.
• Explain the methods for adjusting the variables and outlining the procedure for gathering data.
• Develop scientific investigations.

• Describe an issue or query that you would like a scientific study to investigate.
• Create a testable hypothesis and provide a scientific justification for it.
• Describe the variables’ manipulation procedures as well as the data collection methodology.
•  Develop scientific investigations.

• Display the data that has been gathered and processed.
• Make use of scientific reasoning to interpret data and summarize findings.
• Talk about whether a forecast made in light of the findings of a scientific study is valid.
• Address the method’s validity.
• Describe any upgrades or additions to the procedure.

• Display the data that has been gathered and processed.
• Analyze data and use scientific reasoning to explain findings.
• Talk about a hypothesis’s validity in light of the findings of the scientific study.
• Address the method’s validity.
• Describe any upgrades or additions to the procedure.

• Display the data that has been gathered and processed.
• Analyze data and use scientific reasoning to explain findings.
• Assess a hypothesis’s validity in light of the findings of the scientific study.
• Analyze the method’s validity.
• Describe any upgrades or additions to the procedure.

• Give a brief overview of the methods in which science is employed to solve a particular topic or problem.
• Give a brief explanation and summary of the numerous ramifications of applying science to solve a particular problem or situation.
• Use terminology that is scientifically accurate.
• Record the sources of knowledge used as well as other people’s works.

• Explain the manner in which science is used to address a particular topic or problem.
• Examine and discuss the different ramifications of applying science to solve a particular problem or situation.
• Use terminology that is scientifically accurate.
• Record the sources of knowledge used as well as other people’s works.

• Describe the methods in which science is utilized to address a particular topic or problem.
• Examine and discuss the different ramifications of applying science to solve a particular problem or situation.
• Use terminology that is scientifically accurate.
• Record the sources of knowledge used as well as other people’s works.

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• Plants absorb light energy from sunlight and convert it into usable forms of energy.
• Chlorophyll is a significant pigment that helps plants to absorb energy and aid in the process of photosynthesis.

• Plants store energy in seeds, so that when the seed of the plant germinates there is abundant energy available for it during its early stages of growth.

• The amount of energy in a seed can be deduced by the process of calorimetry. 

• The process of cell respiration is responsible for the production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). ATP is made by linking ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) with one phosphate group.
• Equation of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

• Experiments to measure the rate of energy release in cells.

• Reasons for energy requirement in cells (anabolic reactions, active transport, movement and carrying out chemical reactions). 

• Thermal energy is produced during conversion or transfer of energy, during chemical reactions, in cellular activities.
• Production of thermal energy is mostly accompanied with the release of heat.

• Animals obtain energy by feeding on other animals. Main sources of energy in animal food are fats and carbohydrates.
• Animals can be divided into different categories on the basis of what they consume, for instance, primary consumers refer to animals that consume plants. Other trophic groups include secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivores and microorganisms.
• Plants make their own food and do not feed on other organisms. As a result they are known as producers.

• Two main types of a system are open system and closed system.
• Open system
• Closed system

• Food chain.
• Reasons behind the limited number of levels in a food chain.

• Chemical reaction and chemical formulae.

• Effect of enzymes, for instance, catalase on a chemical reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

• Three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and the role of its structure in its function.

• Different kinds of biochemical reactions taking place inside human cells. 

• Phenylalanine to tyrosine
• Lactose to glucose and galactose
• Ethanol to ethanoic acid
• Glucose to fat

• With the growing advancements in the field of biotechnology, bacteria, plants and different kinds of animals can be used to produce a wide range of chemical substances that can be used by other living organisms in need.

• Proteins are chains of amino acids and are held together with the help of peptide bonds. Information needed for the process of protein synthesis is stored in genes.
• Stages of protein synthesis- Transcription, Transformation, Translation.

• Varied stages of human life.
• Hormonal and physical changes occurring at puberty.
• Differentiation between secondary sexual characteristics of male and female.

• Unlike humans, in some animals and insects the process of growth is rather sudden and radical. This form of growth is known as metamorphosis. (For instance, life cycle of a locust)

• Gametogenesis- production of male and female gametes.
• Fertilization- fusion of male and female gametes.
• Meiosis- a special type of cell division used to halve chromosome number. Carried during sexual reproduction to form zygote.

• The process of meiosis and halving of chromosome number.

• Role of sexual reproduction in the determination of genes and characteristics of offspring.

• Natural classification of organisms on the basis of similarities and differences in form.

• Different plant species have different forms, which plays an important role in their identification and classification.

• Factors holding species together- interbreeding and adaptation.
• Geographical separation of humans across the world prevents interbreeding of population.

• Family Hominidae.
• Seven species of the family Hominidae.

• Finding out the best form of classification.

• Main group of flowering plants-monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

• How does mathematics help in understanding form?

• Classification of animals into kingdoms. Structure of cells of an organism often plays an important role in deducing its kingdom.

• Organization of cells in multicellular organisms.
• Cells in multicellular organisms are not randomly arranged. Rather, cells are specialized in their function and located near the place of function. The accumulation of cells performing the same function are organized into tissues.

• Purpose of domains for classification.

• Functions of the cell and its organelles (membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, ribosomes).

• Specialization of cells for certain functions and role of structure.
• For instance, presence of microvilli in the small intestine for absorption of nutrients.

• Features of cheek cell.
• Function of cheek lining cell.

• Role of hormones and neurotransmitters in communication of cells.

• Features and difference between living and nonliving components.

• Role and importance of an organised system.
• Mintzberg’s organigram.

• Organs in digestive systems are placed in sequence rather than being parallel.
• This is because the different events of digestion don’t happen simultaneously.
• For each particle of food, the events happen in a sequence one after another, therefore it is important for the organs to be in a sequence, so that food moves from one organ into another in a designated order.

• Types, location and function of sensory receptors.

• Baroreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Photoreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Osmoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors 

• Types of sense organs.
• Mystery behind the location of all main organs like eyes, ear, nose and tongue near the head.

• Explanation behind the location of sensory receptors near the eye.
• The function of the eye and how its structure stays true to the function?
• Location of sensory receptors used in hearing.

• Osmosis- net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
• Circulatory system and role of heart and different blood vessels in the transportation of blood throughout the body.
• Role of cardiac muscles to control heart beat and push blood through the ventricles and blood vessels and throughout the body.
• How does the structure of veins and arteries benefit its function to circulate blood?
• Structure and function of skeletal muscles in support and movement.
• Muscle movement and human ventilation in the lungs.
• Effect of air pollution on gas exchange.
• Adaptation of animals to air and water.

• Role of transpiration in plants- loss of water from the stomata of leaves.
• Creation of suction in xylem vessels as a result of transpiration causing movement of water.
• Role of phloem and the pressure-flow hypothesis to carry the movement of sap and sugar within the phloem.
• Locomotion in plants.

1. Physiology 

• Role of the nervous system in transmitting signals throughout the body.
• The process of transmission of signals/impulses.
• Science behind reflex action.
• Difference between voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Role of neurotransmitters and their movement through a synapse.
• Can past experiences influence reflexes?

1. Ecology 

• Relationships between species in a community.
• Relationships between members of a particular species.
• Difference between predators and parasites.
• Social animals and cheating.
• Do organisms in a mutualistic relationship cheat on each other?

• Role of hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate the concentration of glucose in the body. Insulin decreases glucose concentration, while glucagon increases it.
• Studying the urinary system and keeping concentration of solute in the blood balanced. (sweating, urination, respiration etc.)

• Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes.
• Effect of unhealthy modern lifestyle, exercise and fatty and sugary foods on diabetes.

• Understanding the science behind osmosis in a model cell.

• Studying the urinary system and keeping concentration of solute in the blood balanced. (sweating, urination, respiration etc.)

• Homeostasis- maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.

• Factors behind growth of population.
• Example- Collared dove.
• The carbon cycle.
• Production of carbon-dioxide and glaciation.

• How to prevent the exponential growth of population.
• Feedback mechanisms.
• Density-dependent factors.
• Factors affecting animals,

• Food
• Predation
• Breeding sites
• Disease
• Parasites 

• Factors affecting plants,

• Light
• Mineral nutrients
• Water
• Diseases
• Pests 

• What is an ecosystem? (an area where all living and nonliving elements of the environment work together.)
• Sustainability of elements in an ecosystem.

• The carbon cycle.

• Production of carbon-dioxide and glaciation.

• Habitat refers to the environment in which an organism is found.
• Conditions of survival.

• Prairie dogs.
• New holland honeyeater.

• Living organisms first occupy recently exposed or newly created rock in primary succession. Secondary succession is the process by which a previously inhabited area gets disrupted, then becomes re-colonized after the disturbance.

• Effect of abiotic factors on natural organisms.

• Carbon Dioxide and the greenhouse effect.
• Sources of greenhouse gas (burning of fossil fuels, methane production, decomposition, burning of trees etc.)
• Consequences of increased global warming.

• Alien species- animal, plant or another organism species that has been accidentally or intentionally put into places by humans outside of its natural habitat.

• Combinations of characteristics are repeated in groups of species and show a similar pattern in a respective group of organisms.
• Ancestral properties are transferred over the generations and are inherited by the offspring from their parents.
• Different kinds of characteristics shared over the generations include reproduction, growth, respiration, circulation, cell structure etc. , and the set of all these chemical reactions taking place in the body for its sustainability and function are altogether referred to as Metabolism.

• Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species found on earth including plants, animals, humans, birds, microorganism, fungi etc. 
• Interestingly, some of the structures/organisms that make up the biodiversity of earth, show different kinds of patterns.
• One such example is the wax comb made by honeybees. It consists of repeated subunits, resembling the shape of hexagonal prisms.
• Another example of natural patterns can be the vertebral column in humans, that is a kind of segmentation.

• The identity of specific body parts or structures is determined by homeotic genes. These genes are similar in function and sequence in all animals and follow a pattern.
• Development of the homeotic gene in adult flies.

• The unique pattern of DNA led to the discovery of its structure by Crick and Watson.
• Two lengthy strands of nucleotides are arranged to form a spiral-shaped structure known as a double helix. Sugar and phosphate molecules, as well as four different types of nitrogenous base pairs, make up the double helix’s structure, which resembles a ladder.

• The pattern of DNA can be copied by the process of DNA replication and DNA polymerase stands as the principal enzyme in this process.
• DNA replication takes place before cell division.
• Important differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in respect to structure of nucleus, cell organelles, cell division and DNA.

• Differences between cell enlargement and cell division.

• The process of mitosis is responsible for cell division. It consists of different stages, namely, Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.

• Fundamental reasons that lead cells to perform the process of cell division.

• Absorption of materials into the cell
• Surface area to volume ratio
• Animal cells consist mainly of water.
• A cell has only one nucleus, and one nucleus cannot hold enough information for a cell to be very large.

• Different patterns of cell division. For instance, cell to cell adhesion is one the patterns of cell organization followed in organisms. It helps the cells to hold tissues together and prevent unwanted gaps.

• Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

• An offspring inherits its characteristics from its parents that are passed over the generations in the form of genes, composed of DNA. The bases sequences are very precisely replicated in the body but rarely mutation (sequence change) of bases can occur, leading to serious consequences like genetic diseases.
• Nature v/s Nurture debate.

• Gregor Mendel’s discovery of genes with the help of the famous pea experiment. Mendel’s law of segregation proves that every gene splits apart during gamete creation, leaving each gamete with only one allele of each gene.
• Similarities in Mendel’s hybrids.
• Effect of dominant alleles over recessive alleles as proven by Mendel’s experiment.
• What causes Mendel’s 3:1 ratio?

• Discussion of inheritance in other kinds of species with the help of examples.
• Construction of punnett square.
• Using pedigree charts to study the prevalence of genetic disorders in a family.

• As a matter of fact, mating between close relatives leads to higher risk of passing a prevailing family genetic disorder to the offspring, considering that both parents acquire the gene of the disorder. An example of a genetic disease is alkaptonuria.

• Factors of genetic variation.
• Studying whether the rate of genetic mutation is increasing or not.

• Mutation and sexual reproduction are the cause of evolution.
• Chances of survival and reproduction are affected by the characteristics of an individual, resulting in evolution- SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

• Presence of melanin in humans causes variance in skin colour, but genes are majorly responsible for this change.

• Definitions
• Early descriptions
• Evidence
• Causes
• Consequences 

• Article extracted from the website of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The convention was signed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit by 150 government leaders.

• Genetic modification and its application in crop protection and farm livestock.

• Genetic engineering, often known as genetic modification, is the technique of artificially introducing genes into an organism. 
• Tools in a genetic engineers toolkit (restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, plasmids, Taq DNA polymerase).

• Ethics related to genetic modification.
• Controversies related to genetic modification.

• In its widest meaning, cloning is an asexual reproductive process. The techniques used to produce a precise genetic duplicate of another cell, tissue, or organism are referred to as cloning.
• Dolly, the sheep is the first ever cloned animal.

• Cells reproduce by dividing into two by the process of mitosis.
• Walther Flemming studied cell division with the help of microscopic observations in salamander larvae and in the roundworm leading to the discovery of mitosis.

• Telomere structures could be the limiting element. The DNA segments at the ends of chromosomes are called telomeres. The telomere gets shorter with each cell division until it is too short to support additional divisions. The length of the telomeres in the zygote, the first cell of a human existence, decreases with each round of cell division, so limiting the total number of divisions that can occur.
• Exceptions to the theory stating that the number of cell divisions are limited.

• Development of cancer due to abnormal repetitive cell division resulting in the formation of tumors.

• Benign tumors are the ones that remain localized and do not spread to surrounding parts of the body.
• Malignant tumors can change their position after formation and spread to other parts of the body establishing secondary tumors,making them highly dangerous.

• Mutations, ultraviolet rays,radioactive surroundings, smoking, x-ray, etc. can be factors affecting growth of tumors.

• Objectives of the human genome project.
• Patterns detected in the human genome are beneficial for the discovery of genetic disorders and their treatment.

• Model organisms refers to the species for which genome mapping has been carried out. Examples include fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and Soil nematode worm Caenorhabdiitis elegans. 

• Cause of infectious diseases.
• Robert Koch’s postulates.

• Working principle of vaccines- Vaccinations work by building up immunity in the body. A dead or weakened form of pathogen is induced in the body resulting in the formation of antibodies and memory cells.

• Coronary arteries.
• Coronary heart disease and its causes- Coronary heart disease refers to diseases affecting the heart as a result of unhealthy lifestyle, high cholesterol and fatty foods. It leads to blockage of capillaries. 

• Construction of physical models with the help of 3d printers like that of the DNA double helix. 
• Biologists usually use graphs for modeling relationships. Usually the independent variable is put on the x-axis and the dependent variable is put on the y-axis. 
• Advantages of using graphs.
• Studying relationships between variables with the help of graphs. 
• Using statistics to model population. 
• Use of games to model interaction between organisms. 
• Agent based modeling.

• Ecological footprint and resource consumption.

• Balancing chemical equations

• Rules for balancing chemical reactions

• Le Chatelier’s principle
• Haber process

• Impact of the Haber process on the environment
• Equilibrium and Haber process

• Equilibrium systems in industrial processes and their impact on the global population

• How was the periodic table developed?

• Johann Dobereiner’s law of triads
• John Newland’s law of octaves
• Dimitri Mendeleev’s periodic table
• Henry Mosley’s periodic table

• Characteristics of metals
• Characteristics of non-metals

• Characteristics of transition elements
• Formation of transition metals

• Characteristics of noble gases
• Use of noble gases

• What are fossil fuels?
• Transformation of crude oil into useful fuels
• Diagram and explanation for fractional distillation of crude oil

• Naming rules for chemical compounds
• Formations of alkanes
• Nomenclature of alkanes
• Difference between alkenes and alkanes
• Identifying alkenes
• Alochols and their applications

• Different gases and compounds that make up the atmosphere

• Meaning and characteristics of acids and bases
• Structure of acid and bases
• pH scale and differentiation of acids and bases
• Weak and strong acids/bases

• Difference between concentration and strength

• Working of the pH scale
• How is the pH of a solution calculated?
• Role of Indicators in acid-base chemistry 

• Neutralization reaction

• Which metals react with acid?

• Combustion of fossil fuels
• Acid deposition and its effects on the environment

• Role of energy in chemical reactions
• Exothermic reactions
• Endothermic reactions
• Differentiation between exothermic and endothermic reactions

• Change in state of substances
• Evaluating energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance

• Open system
• Closed system
• Isolated system

• What is collision theory?
• Use of collision theory

• Activation energy
• Measurement of the rate of a chemical reaction

• Mass/volume
• pH
• Temperature
• Concentration
• Surface area of reactant

• What are catalysts?
• Role of catalysts in chemical reaction

• What is matter?
• Properties of matter
• Change of state and how it affects the form of matter
• Energy needed for melting a solid
• Energy taken to boil a liquid
• Relationship between vaporisation and condensation
• Sublimation
• Difference between a pure substance and a mixture
• Types of pure substances
• Types of mixtures

• Type of mixture based on the size of particles
• Separating mixtures in laboratories

• Solubility
• Rules of Solubility

• MIscible and Immiscible liquids
• What is filtration? 
• Separation of mixtures through chromatography

• Law of definite proportions
• Avogadro’s constant
• Mole concept
• Isotopes
• Molar Mass
• Function of the mole and chemical calculations

• What are redox reactions?
• Oxidation and reduction

• Corrosion of metals
• Effects of corrosion

• Oxidation reactions and energy
• Combustion of alkanes
• Complete and incomplete combustion

• Impact of incomplete combustion on the environment

• Reaction between acids and metals

• List of metals in order from the most to least reactive

• Why do elements bond?
• Types of bonding

• Ionic
• Metallic
• Covalent

• Valency
• Formation of ions
• Charge of ions
• Ionic compounds

• Models to visualise ionic compounds

• Polyatomic ion

• Properties of ionic, metallic and covalent compounds

• Formula of ionic, metallic and covalent compounds

• Definition of alloy
• Varieties of alloys and their composition
• Properties of alloys

• Movement of ions in redox reactions

• Reactivity series ranks elements according to how easy oxidation takes place

• What is electrochemistry?
• Role of electrolyte in electrochemical cell
• Conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy
• Use of hydrogen fuel cells and their impact on the environment

• Protection of metal surface from corrosion
• Conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy

• Electrolysis

• Electrolysis to get sodium metal and chlorine gas
• Electrolysis to extract pure metal
• Electrolysis of aluminium

• Definition of diffusion
• Examples

• Arrangement of the modern periodic table
• Trends in the chemical properties of elements in different group1 and 17

• Models of atomic structure

• Bohr model
• Quantum mechanical model of the atom

• How do we determine the number of valence electrons of an element?
• Ionization energy

• Bronsted-Lowry theory

• What is concentration?
• Calculating the concentration of solutions

• Precision and accuracy in experiments
• How significant figures affect Calculations 

• Role of titration in calculating concentration
• pH curves and acid-base titration

• Structure and nomenclature of carboxylic acid and esters

• What is an atom?
• Mendeleev’s periodic table.
• Discovery of elements.

• What is an electron?
• Mass of an electron.
• Charge of an electron.

• Plum pudding model.
• Geiger-Marsden’s experiment.
• Rutherford’s model.
• Parts of an atom,

• Proton
• Neutron
• Electron 

• What are isotopes?
• Charge of an atom.
• Mass of an atom.

• Chemical symbol of elements.
• Mass number of atom- total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus.
• Atomic number- number of protons in nucleus.
• The element symbol, atomic number, and mass number must be known in order to write the notation for an atom. The atomic number is expressed as a subscript and the mass number of the atom appears above the symbol.

• The theoretical foundation of contemporary physics, known as quantum theory, describes the properties and behaviours of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales. 

• Because of the complex behaviour of electrons within atoms, physicists must be able to model matter as either particle or wave-like at different moments.
• Waves are able to transmit information because of this energy transfer.

• Transverse waves
• Longitudinal waves
• Rarefaction and compression.

• Amplitude
• Wavelength
• Trough
• Peak
• Equilibrium 

• Story of Newton sitting under an apple tree and the apple falling on his head that led to the discovery of gravity.
• The force that pulls items toward the centre of a planet or other entity is called gravity. 
• Newton’s law of gravitation.

• Gravitational field.
• Objects are pulled downwards to the surface of the Earth.
• Gravitation on the Moon.
• Rise and fall of tides due to the force of the Moon’s gravity.

• What is weight?
• Formula of weight.

• Difference between weight and mass.

• Almost everything has mass; almost everything is affected by gravity.
• Electrostatic forces.
• Examples of such situations.

• Rubbing of two things makes them charged.
• Interaction of charged objects.
• Attraction of charged and neutrally charged objects.
• Van de Graff generator.

• Link between electromagnetism and gravity interactions.
• Experiments to find the same.

• Importance of experiments to prove ideas and theories.
• Role of measurements.

• Role of reliability and validity in evaluating strength of evidence

• Doppler effect

• Hubble’s law
• Hubble’s law and origin of the universe.
• Big Bang.
• Future of the universe.
• Big Crunch

• Vector and scalar quantities.
• Speed
• Velocity

• Acceleration 

• Use of graphs.
• Displacement-time graph (straight and curved)

• What makes an object magnetic?
• Magnetic field
• Earth’s magnetic field.
• Role of Earth’s magnetic field in protection.

• 3 states of matter.
• Exceptions for few types of matter that do not behave in the exact same way in a particular state. For instance, aluminium.
• Other states of matter- plasma.
• Difference in states of matter.
• Causes behind difference in states of matter.
• Temperature 
• Kinetic theory
• Conversion of matter from one state to another.
• Evaporation
• Density 
• Measuring density

• Role of density and mass in floating.

• Properties of water.
• Unusual properties of water

• Weight (gravitational force)
• Reaction
• Friction
• Air resistance
• Electrostatic force
• Magnetic force
• Tension and compression
• Upthrust
• Lift 

• Formula of force
• Spring balance

• Importance of direction and size of force.
• Free-body diagram for representation.

• Use of force in machines.
• Work is the process of transferring energy.
• Formula of work done.
• Work and direction of motion.
• How machines WORK?

• Influence of force on motion

• How force causes acceleration?
• Newton’s first law
• Newton’s second law
• Newton’s third law

• What is an electric current?
• Conductors and insulators
• Circuit
• Drawing of circuit.
• Series and parallel circuits.
• Causes of electric current.
• Measuring properties of electrical circuits.
• Controlling current in a circuit.
• Resistance 
• Multiple resistances in a circuit.
• Role of resistance in controlling a circuit.

• Form of Earth
• Sky 
• Constellations 
• Location of Earth in the Solar system.
• Geocentric model.
• Planet
• Galaxy
• Form of galaxies
• Form of space-time
• Form of universe

• Deflection of compass needle experiment.
• Creation of magnetic field around electrical current.

• Creating electromagnets

• Using the force of electromagnetism.
• Using electromagnetism to transform voltages.

• Generating electricity.
• Working of electric generator.

• Importance of electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction in production and recording of sound.
• Sound- longitudinal wave.
• Vibration of air molecules (creation of high and low pressure).

• Human ear is capable of detecting anything about 20 Hz and 20 kHz.
• Ultrasound and infrasound-(humans cannot detect).

• Mechanism of loudspeakers.

• Mechanism of microphones.

• Use of experiments to test theories.

• Defining a good hypothesis.
• Role of hypothesis.

• Defining a good experiment.
• Presence of dependent, independent and control variables.

• Findings of Al-Haythams’s experiment.
• Can waves cancel each other?
• Diffraction of waves.
• Reflection of waves.
• Refraction of waves.
• Consequences of speeding of waves.
• Light- a wave.

• What is pressure?
• Pressure formula
• Calculating pressure
• Pressure around us
• Changing pressure of gas.
• Effect of temperature on pressure of gas.
• Results of low pressure.

• How do we feel heat?
• Transfer of heat energy.

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation 

• Mechanism of a steam engine.

• What is energy?
• Formula of energy.
• Forms of energy

• Kinetic energy
• Thermal energy
• Gravitational potential energy
• Electrical energy

• Transfer of energy.
• Loss of energy.
• Generation of energy.
• Storing energy

• Pumped hydroelectricity
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

• What is power?
• Formula of power.

• What is efficiency?
• Measuring efficiency.

• What are fossil fuels?
• Examples of fossil fuels.
• Consequences of burning fossil fuels.

• Defining renewable sources of energy and examples.

• Defining light.
• Defining visible light.
• Speed of light.

• Defining color.
• Absorption and reflection of light.
• Electromagnetic spectrum.

• Consequences of long wavelengths.
• Consequences of shorter wavelengths.
• Shortest wavelengths of light.

• Decaying of nuclei.
• Results of a too big nucleus.
• Instability of nucleus.
• Using unstable nuclei to generate energy.
• Nucleus emitting gamma rays.
• Measuring nuclear decay.
• When will the nucleus decay?
• Sources of radioactive nuclei.
• Problems with nuclear power.

• Sources of radioactive nuclei.
• Dangers of radioactivity.
• Usefulness of radioactive sources.